星期五, 1月 17, 2025

evolution of "hundred" across Indo-European languages

 

Evolution of the word "hundred" in Indo-European languages *ḱm̥tóm Proto-Indo-European *hundaredą Proto-Germanic *sъto Proto-Slavic *kantom Proto-Celtic *ćatám Proto-Indo-Iranian hundred English Hundert German hundra Swedish сто (sto) Russian sto Polish céad Irish cant Welsh शत (śata) Sanskrit صد (sad) Persian सौ (sau) Hindi centum Latin cent French ciento Spanish Major sound changes: Germanic: *ḱ → h (Grimm's Law) Slavic: *ḱ → s (RUKI rule) Celtic: *ḱ → k diagram by Assistant
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星期五, 1月 03, 2025

Running motion of both Lucy and a modern human, with their different speeds and gaits.

Lucy vs Modern Human Running Speed Comparison Speed (km/h) 0 15.3 36 Lucy 15.3 km/h max Modern Human Up to 36 km/h Key Differences: - Longer legs - More efficient muscles - Better running endurance 3.2M years ago Present Slow Motion Running Analysis Detailed comparison of biomechanical differences Lucy (A. afarensis) Height: ~110cm, Max Speed: 15.3 km/h Modern Human Height: ~170cm, Max Speed: up to 36 km/h Movement Analysis: • Lucy: Shorter stride length, more vertical oscillation • Modern: Longer stride, more efficient energy transfer • Note pelvis rotation differences • Observe arm swing variations
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光合作用 dynamic process of the light-dependent and light-independent reactions

光系統II 細胞色素 光系統I ATP合成酶 2H₂O → O₂ + 4H⁺ + 4e⁻ NADP⁺ + H⁺ → NADPH ADP + Pi → ATP 類囊體腔（高H⁺） 基質（低H⁺） Carbon Fixation Reduction Regeneration RuBP CO₂ 3-PGA G3P ATP NADPH Glucose Rubisco GAPDH PRK +ATP +NADPH
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